Fundamentals of soil and water conservation engineering pdf

Topic 1 Surveying definition and objectives of survey, primary divisions of surveying, geodetic and plane surveys, classifications, uses of surveys. Numerical problems on Simpson s, trapezoidal rules. Leveling - definition, description of dumpy level and leveling staff. Terminology connected with leveling - datum, elevation, station, back sight, fore sight, intermediate sight, height of instrument, bench mark and its types, change point. Leveling procedure - temporary adjustments in dumpy level, level field note book, recording procedure in level field note book.

Vatsa, A. Goel, R. Gupta, R. Under Graduate and Minor Courses for M. Field of Specialization:.

The lower rainfall in semi-arid areas compared with that in humid climates does not mean a corresponding low level of soil erosion by water. Indeed rainfall erosion can be higher in semi-arid areas than in any other climatic zone. This is partly because the rainfall of semi-arid areas has a high proportion of convective thunderstorm rain of high intensity and high erosive power. It is also because there is poor protective vegetative cover, especially at the beginning of the rainy season. Some of the soils common in semi-arid areas are particularly vulnerable, either because they have poor resistance to erosion high erodibility , or because of their chemical and physical properties. An example from Mexico is illustrated in Plate 4. Successful but expensive gully conservation like the Australian example shown in Plate 4.

Week 1.
ccna data center dcicn 200 150 official cert guide pdf